The field of psychiatry faces the dual challenges of heterogeneity and co-morbidity, in terms of mental disorder manifestation and pathological mechanisms. Currently, our understanding of the neural mechanisms of mental disorders is very limited, and both diagnosis and treatment basically remain at the level of relying on the subjective symptom reports of the DSM-5. It is widely recognized that the field has not yet established objective and effective diagnostic criteria and intervention and treatment programs. To address these challenges, we aim to integrate interdisciplinary approaches, using brain imaging, psychophysics, physiological signal recording, advanced statistical and computational modeling, and machine learning to explore in-depth the cognitive neural mechanisms, developmental patterns, and innovative treatments of depression and anxiety disorders.